During immediate and long-term recovery periods, decisions must account for patients’ personal goals and possible clinical outcomes and should clarify what recovery means.

Reliance on disclosure rather than understanding has prompted shared decision making and represents an important cultural change in clinical practice.

Ideally, patients and clinicians should have sufficient time to engage in SDM. In reality, time is often insufficient.

Shared decision making is complex with patients who are adolescents, whose relational autonomy is still emerging.

Shared decision making is practically difficult to implement in mental health practice but remains an ethical ideal for motivating therapeutic capacity.

Gender-affirming surgery for teens is growing as a field. Norms about who should be involved, to what extent, and for which health decisions are still evolving.

Two pediatric cases highlight risks of prolonging anesthetic exposure for training purposes and prompt questions about influences of surgical training on outcomes.

Surgeons and anesthesiologists each have a unique sense of duty to patients to clarify which factors might influence outcomes after intraoperative cardiac arrest.

Which factors should be part of standard required reconsideration discussions?

Using alternative anesthesia techniques requires collaborative decision making that expresses a patient’s best interest.