Strengthened NIH policies of inclusion have resulted in more NIH-funded research including more women and other underrepresented population groups as subjects in medical research.

There are various clinical and ethical arguments against the concept of implied consent for prenatal HIV testing.

Standards of care in medicine have gone through many changes and developments over the course of its history.

Evidence-based medicine has the potential to offer objectivity and standardized practices into an often subjective decision-making process.

Physicians can help oncology patients decide whether to focus on aggressive chemotherapy or less aggressive comfort measures for end-of-life care.

Physicians can help oncology patients decide whether to focus on aggressive chemotherapy or less aggressive comfort measures for end-of-life care.

Physicians are obligated to inform patients involved in a clinical trial that there is a chance of receiving a placebo, which can result in a deterioration of a medical condition.

Physicians are obligated to inform patients involved in a clinical trial that there is a chance of receiving a placebo, which can result in a deterioration of a medical condition.

Patients need to completely understand the role of any non-medical personnel present during a procedure and have the right to refuse their attendance.

Paul Miller and Charles Weijer defend the concept of equipoise in medical research in a recent journal article.