Medically futile/inappropriate treatments and rationing have distinct ethical justifications and applications and require separate policies.

Research and training are needed so that physicians are able to identify human trafficking victims and refer them to appropriate trauma-informed treatment.

Clinicians diagnosing and treating potentially trafficked patients with co-occurring addiction and mental illness should guard against expressing negative biases.

As a matter of medical ethics, physicians must advocate for their vulnerable patients and medical schools should offer training in advocacy and activism.

Physicians caring for trafficking victims should know about applicable criminal and human rights law and mandatory reporting requirements.

Which distinctions between minimally conscious states and vegetative states should clinicians consider?

As a matter of medical ethics, physicians must address the health care needs of and be advocates for family caregivers of their patients with dementia.

Although patients’ medical gender transition can be facilitated by counseling, as a matter of medical ethics, informed consent must be obtained for treatment.

In referring transgender patients for medical transition, clinicians should be guided by harm reduction, respect for autonomy, and continuity of care.

In referring transgender patients for medical transition, clinicians should be guided by harm reduction, respect for autonomy, and continuity of care.