From the Editor in Chief
Mar 2020

奥斯卡获奖影片《寄生虫》

Audiey C. Kao, MD, PhD
AMA J Ethics. 2020;E179-182. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2020.E179.

ENG | ESP | 中文

 

一名扎着蛇形马尾辫、衣衫褴褛的中国男人站在港口的一个台架上。“污秽”、“道德败坏”、“疾病”、“侵占白人劳工工作机会”等字眼从他的头部发散出来。1881 年,漫画家 George Frederick Keller 在重新构思其自由女神像作品时,敏锐捕捉了当时普遍存在的反华恐惧和偏见思潮。1  在愚昧无知和种族主义的推动下, 1882 年《排华法案》颁布,这是美国历史上第一部限制特定种族或族裔群体移民的法律。2  直到 1943 年,当美国希望中国成为其抗日战争的盟友时,这部针对中国移民的排华法律才得以废除。2

随着新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)的爆发,因“像中国人的面孔”而引发的恐惧和种族歧视再次甚嚣尘上。昔日人头攒动的美国唐人街店铺,如今变得冷冷清清的;亚洲人和亚裔美国人在地铁里遭到了斥责和攻击,有的还在住宿酒店时遭受询问并被拒之门外3;人群中如果有带有这种种族特征的人咳嗽或打喷嚏,旁人便会立即跑开。疾病引发对特定人群的恐慌和仇外心理并非首次出现。4  令人遗憾的是,这可能也不是最后一次。

迄今为止,已有近 3千 人死于 COVID-19 病毒,其中大部分死亡病例发生在中国;美国尚未出现死亡报告。5  作为背景介绍,全球每年有 29万至 65万人死于季节性流感6,在本次流感季中,据估计美国就有 1万6千至 4万1千人死于流感。7  随着我们加深对新型冠状病毒的调查、跟踪和了解,我们需要及时有效地向公众传播准确的相关信息。卫生保健专业人士在教育病人和社区宣传方面发挥着重要的作用,但仅仅依靠教育宣传是不够的:医生们要说服病人接种流感疫苗往往困难重重,就足以证明这一点。

在一个发帖质量良莠不齐、视频可即时共享的世界,似乎人人都可以创造和传播各种真真假假的信息。网络上的谣言传播得越来越快,范围越来越广,似乎比真理渗透得更深、更广。8  为了治理此等“信息疫情”,政府、业界、专业人士、 媒体必须携手合作,遏制和打击有关新型冠状病毒的错误和虚假信息。9  世界卫生组织目前正与科技和社交媒体巨头合作,消除错误和虚假信息,并引导人们识别值得信赖的信息源。10  那些名列财富 500 强的大公司和其他大型雇主们是这场粉碎谣言战役中的关键一环, 因为大众往往相信雇主是可靠的信息来源。11  顶级科学家和公共卫生专家们向全球发布了紧急号召,谴责了有关新型冠状病毒起源的阴谋论,并强烈地抵制散播错误和虚假信息,避免人们一时冲动,做出最糟糕的判断。12

在需要人类团结合作的危急关头,谣言会生根发芽并四处传播,以危害性极强的方式破坏团结。我们不能让恐惧、谎言和仇恨比新型冠状病毒传播得更快,大家都生活在一个互联互通的世界中,任何人或社区都无法成为一座孤岛。新型冠状病毒大面积传染似乎不可避免,全人类共同抗击全球健康威胁的决心定将经受考验。在这段时期内,我们期望并需要权威人士遵照当下最科学的指导,保持同理心,行事文明礼貌,展示出领导力,赢得公众信任。

此前从未有非英语影片斩获奥斯卡最佳影片奖。来自韩国的奥斯卡获奖影片《寄生虫》一针见血地提醒所有人,让我们欢笑、哭泣、相爱和绝望的正是成就人类的人性。在思考未来几个月新型冠状病毒将带来的威胁和不确定性时,请让我们携手共同鼓舞、颂扬并展示人类共有的人性。

References

  1. History Teaching Institute, Ohio State University. A statue for our harbor. https://hti.osu.edu/opper/lesson-plans/immigration/images/a-statue-for-our-harbor. Accessed February 27, 2020.

  2. Office of the Historian, US Department of State. Chinese immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration. Accessed February 27, 2020.

  3. Yan H, Chen N, Naresh D. What’s spreading faster than coronavirus in the US? Racist assaults and ignorant attacks against Asians. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/20/us/coronavirus-racist-attacks-against-asian-americans/index.html. Updated February 21, 2020. Accessed February 27, 2020.

  4. Liu M. The coronavirus and the long history of using diseases to justify xenophobia. Washington Post. February 13, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/02/14/coronavirus-long-history-blaming-the-other-public-health-crises/. Accessed February 27, 2020.

  5. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) situation report-37. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200226-sitrep-37-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=2146841e_2. Published February 26, 2020. Accessed February 27, 2020.

  6. World Health Organization. Influenza (seasonal). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal). Published November 6, 2018. Accessed February 27, 2020.

  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019-2020 US flu season: preliminary burden estimates. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/preliminary-in-season-estimates.htm. Reviewed February 21, 2020. Accessed February 26, 2020.
  8. Vosoughi S, Roy D, Aral S. The spread of true and false news online. Science. 2018;359(6380):1146-1151.
  9. Gharib M. Fake facts are flying about coronavirus. Now there’s a plan to debunk them. NPR. February 21, 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/02/21/805287609/theres-a-flood-of-fake-news-about-coronavirus-and-a-plan-to-stop-it. Accessed February 26, 2020.

  10. Richtel M. WHO fights a pandemic besides coronavirus: an “infodemic.” New York Times. February 6, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/health/coronavirus-misinformation-social-media.html. Accessed February 26, 2020.

  11. Edelman. 2019 Edelman Trust Barometer reveals “my employer” is the most trusted institution. https://www.edelman.com/news-awards/2019-edelman-trust-barometer-reveals-my-employer-most-trusted-institution. Published January 20, 2019. Accessed February 26, 2020.

  12. Calisher C, Carroll D, Colwell R, et al. Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19. Lancet. February 19, 2020. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30418-9/fulltext. Accessed February 26, 2020.

Citation

AMA J Ethics. 2020;E179-182.

DOI

10.1001/amajethics.2020.E179.

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

作者无利益冲突披露。

本文仅为作者观点之表述,并非代表 AMA 之立场和政策。