A 3-step analgesic ladder was introduced in 1986 and needs change. Surgical interventions could reduce opioid use and motivate expansion of current pain management approaches.
AMA J Ethics. 2020;22(8):E695-701. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2020.695.
Megan Hildebrandt, MFA, Robin N. Richardson, MA, and Joy Scanlon
The Aesthetics of Health undergraduate visual art course at the University of Texas at Austin was designed to enhance art students’ awareness of cancer’s impact.
AMA J Ethics. 2022;24(7):E590-598. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2022.590.
Beyond consensus that pain is “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience,” its biology remains poorly understood, and options for its treatment remain frustratingly inadequate.