Specific advocate guidelines are needed for the protection of children in state custody who are potential research subjects in trials that would expose them to greater-than-minimal risk but also hold the prospect of direct benefit.

A physician defends her position that children should only participate in clinical trials when they have child assent and the parents also have been educated about the purpose of the research when there is no direct benefit to the child.

A coming-of-age memoir about one man's journey into womanhood underscores the important role that physicians can play to recognize transgenderism in adolescents and coordinate the care for gender reassignment.

Adolescents with gender dysphoria should be active participants in decisions about their gender-related health care.

In referring transgender patients for medical transition, clinicians should be guided by harm reduction, respect for autonomy, and continuity of care.

Although patients’ medical gender transition can be facilitated by counseling, as a matter of medical ethics, informed consent must be obtained for treatment.

Physicians should extend gender-affirming treatment to gender-nonconforming people, who experience discrimination and health disparities.

In referring transgender patients for medical transition, clinicians should be guided by harm reduction, respect for autonomy, and continuity of care.

This month, AMA Journal of Ethics' theme editor Cameron Waldman, a second-year medical student at Albany Medical College, interviewed Aron Janssen, MD, about how healthcare professionals can better serve their transgender patients.

When a seriously ill mature minor and his parent disagree about his receiving an experimental intervention, who should decide what treatment he will receive?