The risks of misinformation being spread through online patient forums can be mitigated by communication strategies aimed at physicians and organizations.

Religious and cultural values can conflict with clinical standard practice and law.

Improving health outcomes through patient-centered care is one way to build value for stakeholders in health care.

Justification for using WTP values and QALYs lies in incorporating preferences of those whose treatment could be affected.

Good clinicians understand why a patient is asking for a test or treatment, and their skillful counseling can often stem the tide of requests for marginally beneficial tests and procedures.

Allocating resources for interventions requires consensus among stakeholders with a plurality of perspectives about how to weigh antimicrobial stewardship interventions’ risks and benefits.

CEA has been increasingly used to inform public and private organizations’ reimbursement decisions, benefit designs, and price negotiations worldwide.

Co-creative health systems planning requires engaging patients and learning from peers.

Financial relationships are common, and ethical questions rightly emerge about how conflicts of interest compromise investigators’ approaches to research.

The AMA Code of Medical Ethics offers guidance for balancing need for safety with demand for innovation.