Religious and cultural values can conflict with clinical standard practice and law.

Sterilization requires physicians’ surgical skills. Forced sterilization requires many clinicians’ complicity.

The Nuremberg Code, the World Medical Association’s declarations of Geneva and Helsinki, and the Belmont Report share an origin in the Holocaust.

Force feeding, unnecessary x-rays, misusing health information, and discharging unstable patients are classic dual-loyalty dilemmas reminiscent of the Holocaust.

Immorally acquired information, from Nazi experimentation or other sources, infects the body of scientific and biomedical knowledge.

The Holocaust differs from other instances of mass murder in that it was medically sanctioned genocide.

Guidance from the Code addresses legitimacy and trustworthiness of information from unethical experimentation.

Black women living with HIV contend with injuries of injustice that influence their reproductive lives.

A history of device oversight by the US Food and Drug Administration traces regulatory changes in response to injuries caused by Dalkon Shield intrauterine devices.