Advice for enrolling patients in clinical trials.

Some commentators say comparative trials of FDA-approved drugs are overburdened by current Common Rule regulations and that researchers should not be required to obtain explicit consent for participation in the most innocuous of these trials.

Adolescents with gender dysphoria should be active participants in decisions about their gender-related health care.

In conducting research abroad, clinicians should treat community members with dignity and as research partners.

In conducting research abroad, clinicians should treat community members with dignity and as research partners.

Physicians should extend gender-affirming treatment to gender-nonconforming people, who experience discrimination and health disparities.

In referring transgender patients for medical transition, clinicians should be guided by harm reduction, respect for autonomy, and continuity of care.

Research should be conducted on transgender populations to inform evidence-based guidelines for gender-affirming treatment.

The AMA Code of Medical Ethics opinions related to discrimination and disparities in health care.

Equating conscience with clinical judgment challenges the way that ethics is marginalized in medical education. Ethics is simply an account of what good medical practice looks like in particular situations.