Research and training are needed so that physicians are able to identify human trafficking victims and refer them to appropriate trauma-informed treatment.

When a clinician refuses to do a procedure consistent with standard of care for a patient, legal resources can be helpful.

Mission statements offer limited benefit when patients do not have meaningful choices about where to seek care and can be misused.

Training in a segregated health care system means that health professions students and trainees learn bias and experience helplessness and burnout.

Unchallenged supra-geographic segregation perpetuates racial medical mythology, exacerbates myopia in health professions practice and education, and perpetuates injustice.