Readers are referred to an article by S.A. Schneck in a 1998 issue of JAMA about how physicians make the worst patients and provided with a list of questions about this theory.
Ethically justifying human-centered research with only nonhuman animals as subjects likely requires that the research’s benefits to humans must, at least, outweigh harms suffered by the nonhuman animals.
AMA J Ethics. 2024; 26(9):E673-678. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2024.673.