AMA Journal of Ethics^®

Designation of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities as a medically underserved population would not solve problems of access to care.

White Coats for Black Lives advocates that American medicine address racial inequities in health and health care by promoting diversity, eliminating implicit racial bias in the physician workforce, and advocating for equitable social structures.

Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment requires an interdisciplinary approach to identifying causes of racial biases and teaching health care professionals to recognize and reduce them.

An attempt to investigate correlations between race, attitudes, and contraceptive use did not find meaningful associations between race and attitudes about birth control or pregnancy that could influence contraceptive choice.

The call for structural competency encourages medicine to broaden its approach to matters of race and culture so that it might better address both individual-level doctor and patient characteristics and institutional factors.

By embracing factors such as inter-individual interactions, environmental influences, and reciprocity and feedback, agent-based modeling and complex systems approaches enable researchers to understand why race is so strong a predictor of differences in health.

When identifying underrepresented subgroups deserving of special recruitment efforts for research participation, social determinants of health other than race should be given more consideration.

Stressful life experience associated with racial and ethnic discrimination can have detrimental effects on the coronary and cardiovascular health of people in historically marginalized groups.

AMA Code of Medical Ethics' Opinion 9.129 on racial and ethnic health care disparities.

Those who believe that race is highly informative about underlying biology clash with those who understand race primarily as a social system of categorization. Members of both camps affirm that race is real.