Being undocumented is a risk factor for mental illness, and immigration status relates prominently to overall health. That’s enough to consider it protected health information under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule.
AMA J Ethics. 2019;21(1):E32-37. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2019.32.
Madeleine (Maddy) Kane, Rachel Bervell, MD, MS, Angela Y. Zhang, MD, and Jennifer Tsai, MD, MEd
Algorithms use race as an epidemiological shorthand, but clinically influential historical, social, and cultural determinants of health are still sources of variability.
AMA J Ethics. 2022;24(8):E720-728. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2022.720.