How would gathering preclinical data and improving research infrastructure facilitate clearer definitions of “population vulnerability” and “risk acceptability”?

Upcoding and misrepresenting clinical information constitute fraud, cost a lot, and can result in patient harm and unnecessary procedures and prescriptions.

Emergency research that requires exception from informed consent presents challenges in defining and reaching the at-risk community.

When adolescents seek emergency contraception in the emergency room, social judgment on the part of clinicians can hamper treatment.