A 3-step analgesic ladder was introduced in 1986 and needs change. Surgical interventions could reduce opioid use and motivate expansion of current pain management approaches.
AMA J Ethics. 2020;22(8):E695-701. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2020.695.
Driven by toxic, unpredictable, unregulated supply, drug overdose deaths are rampant. Policies that support the war on drugs have to change to be helpful.
AMA J Ethics. 2020;22(8):E723-728. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2020.723.