Force feeding, unnecessary x-rays, misusing health information, and discharging unstable patients are classic dual-loyalty dilemmas reminiscent of the Holocaust.

Ethical dimensions of risk management are illuminated in AMA Code content on discharge planning.

Hospital lawyers’ practices shape risk management operations, influence clinicians’ morale, and affect patient care.

Vegan patients screened for vitamin and mineral deficiencies might benefit from supplements, but physicians are obliged to discuss lack of regulation in the supplement industry and possible risks.

Decision aids could help clinicians know when to request ethics consultation or re-evaluate blood product usage in a specific patient care situation.

Legal inconsistencies and variation in end-of-life options generate disparities in care for unrepresented patients.

Helping patients mitigate their risk of chronic disease is key, but dietary supplements are risky.

Children with micronutrient deficiency might need supplementation, sometimes in irregularly high doses.

Consumption of over-the-counter vitamins, minerals, and herbals is widespread, but clinicians lack critical information about their use.

Some allopathic clinicians’ biases influence the information they draw upon to make decisions and offer recommendations.