Dr David DeGrazia joins Ethics Talk to discuss why the “3 R’s” of nonhuman animal research might not be sufficient to promote good science, ethics, and nonhuman animal welfare.
Historically, most discussions about nonhuman animal experimentation consider what has become known as the 3 R’s: refinement, reduction, and replacement.
AMA J Ethics. 2024;26(9):E701-708. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2024.701.