Readers are referred to an article by J.T. Berger in a 1998 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine and provided with a list of ethical questions to consider about culture and ethnicity in clinical care.
Dr Aysha Akhtar joins Ethics Talk to discuss her article, coauthored with Mikalah Singer, “With What Should We Replace Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research Protocols?”
Historically, most discussions about nonhuman animal experimentation consider what has become known as the 3 R’s: refinement, reduction, and replacement.
AMA J Ethics. 2024;26(9):E701-708. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2024.701.