Differentiating between best palliative care options and the curative and palliative potential of surgery is key to developing dual intentional clarity.

When a clinician refuses to do a procedure consistent with standard of care for a patient, legal resources can be helpful.

Clinicians using governing authority to make public health policy are ethically obliged to draw upon scientific and clinical information that accords professional standards.

Pregnant women at high risk for heritable diseases need support and nondirective genetic counseling.

Refusal of pediatric euthanasia can be considered iatrogenic insofar as it inadvertently prolongs patient suffering, but attitudes differ cross-culturally.

The physician’s duty extends beyond treating individual patients to reporting public health threats when they are identified.