A 3-step analgesic ladder was introduced in 1986 and needs change. Surgical interventions could reduce opioid use and motivate expansion of current pain management approaches.
AMA J Ethics. 2020;22(8):E695-701. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2020.695.
Martin Bricknell, PhD, David Whetham, PhD, Richard Sullivan, PhD, and Peter Mahoney, PhD
International humanitarian law obliges clinicians to coordinate with local civilian, military, and nongovernment organizations, and implementation isn't easy.
AMA J Ethics. 2022;24(6):E472-477. doi:
10.1001/amajethics.2022.472.