Several recent court cases illustrate how some states are attempting to mandate physician reporting of all underage sexual activity as instances of child abuse.

Physicians are encouraged not to breach confidentiality by disclosing a patient's genetic information to their offspring or other family members.

Physicians have a professional obligation and, in many states, a legal duty to report drivers whose functional or cognitive impairments may pose a safety hazard.

Some early adopters developed model ASPs that have helped set industry standards.

Clinicians using governing authority to make public health policy are ethically obliged to draw upon scientific and clinical information that accords professional standards.