Research ethics should be included in the medical school curriculum so students and residents can fully understand the ethical implications of medical research.

Physicians in training need more exposure to palliative care scenarios, skills, and models than most currently receive.

Racial and ethnic inequity exists throughout the lifespan, including at the end of life.

Calls to expand palliative care education have been explicit since the 1990s, but palliative care training in surgery remains too narrowly focused on end of life.

Futility can function as a moral counterweight to a duty to treat, helping clinicians  find balance between over- and undertreatment.