Public and private choices about allocation of funds for research raise a social-justice question: are these funding sources making fair decisions about where to invest their resources? The NIH has the clearest obligation to do so because it is taxpayer-supported.

Feminism plays critical roles in innovating health care policies and practices. Feminist insights into clinicians as gatekeepers to gender-transition interventions can help resist tendencies to pathologize transgender.

The FDA bears the responsibility to monitor clinical trials and protect human subjects from harm.

Assigning community based on race suggests that phenotype reveals something consistent about biology that is equal in standing to factors like weight, dietary habits, smoking history, and whether or not you had rheumatic fever as a child.

The revisions balance a growing understanding of gender identity disorders and societal views with the need to retain conditions that benefit from intervention and the removal of which would hamper patients’ ability to receive medical treatment.

One reason for neglect of women’s health as patients and subjects has been restrictions on uterine transfer of modified human embryos, a boundary that has now been crossed.

African cancer research is embedded in underresourced health care infrastructures, illuminating ethical questions about benefit sharing and governance.

The Holocaust differs from other instances of mass murder in that it was medically sanctioned genocide.

Fostering transgender patients’ sense of agency should be a clinical and ethical priority.

Despite common outcomes of GRS, decision making about surgical care differs among patients across the lifespan.