Specific advocate guidelines are needed for the protection of children in state custody who are potential research subjects in trials that would expose them to greater-than-minimal risk but also hold the prospect of direct benefit.

Applications can identify and monitor patients. They can also diagnose genetic, medical, and behavioral conditions.

The benefits of the international presumed-consent policy are presented as a solution to the United States' current shortage of organs available for transplantation.

Alternatives to suing could help open communication between injured patients and clinicians.

Improving candidate evaluation and informed consent is key to motivating authenticity, not just voluntariness.

Negative health consequences from costly care are referred to as financial toxicity and should be included in informed consent discussions.

More transparent pricing would allow patients and families to make better decisions, but there are limitations to how reliably it promotes efficiency and market discipline.