Women with intellectual disabilities should not be sedated for a pap smear without their assent, and the test’s risks and benefits should be weighed.

Women with intellectual disabilities should not be sedated for a pap smear without their assent, and the test’s risks and benefits should be weighed.

A guardian’s request to sterilize a woman with intellectual disabilities is not ethically justifiable unless the woman assents and it is to her benefit.

Physicians should attempt to monitor the training schedules of adolescent athletes to help ensure a balance between academics, friends, and sports.

Physicians should attempt to monitor the training schedules of adolescent athletes to help ensure a balance between academics, friends, and sports.

Physicians need to help surrogate decision makers to make treatment and end-of-life decisions for those with severe neurological damage by proving a realistic prognosis and maintain strong lines of communication.

Physicians need to understand the resources available to them to serve the sometimes conflicting needs of the pediatric patients' best interest and the religious beliefs of the patients' parents.

Introduction of an intervention that reduces the perceived risk of a given behavior may cause a person to increase risky behavior—this is called “risk compensation.”

An argument for replacing the disease-centered approach to gay men’s health with a whole-person, wellness approach.

Current policy requires separate informed consent for some Public Health Service increased-risk donors, and this can make shared decision making harder.