The AMA Code of Medical Ethics' opinion on adolescent care affirms competent minors' right to confidentiality except in situations for which confidentiality for adults may be breached.

The teach-to-goal method should be used to assess comprehension of incarcerated patients and other vulnerable groups during the informed consent process.

When adolescents seek emergency contraception in the emergency room, social judgment on the part of clinicians can hamper treatment.

When acting as a surrogate for incapacitated incarcerated patients, physicians may disclose protected health information to a patient’s legal counsel.

When a severely ill child comes into the emergency room, assent for emergency care is no more required than is parental permission. Conveying the needed care is the top priority.

The AMA Code of Medical Ethics' opinions on confidential services for children and adolescents.

Research is needed on surrogates’ susceptibility to believing that clinical trials provide individual therapeutic benefit.

Gatekeepers of gun privileges is not an appropriate role for physicians since there is no objective test of fitness for gun ownership or possession.

Perhaps machine learning systems trained on patients’ electronic health records and social media footprints could be used as decision aids when patients lack capacity or face overwhelming decisions.

The AMA Code of Medical Ethics' opinions related to decision-making capacity and competence and surrogate decision making.