Professional society guidelines can be used to set standards for clinical practice instead of government. This approach could help if federal or state policymakers view discarding embryos as ethically equivalent to abortion.

Noninvasive prenatal testing arguably constitutes a form of eugenics in a social context in which certain reproductive outcomes are not valued.

Unchallenged supra-geographic segregation perpetuates racial medical mythology, exacerbates myopia in health professions practice and education, and perpetuates injustice.

Training in a segregated health care system means that health professions students and trainees learn bias and experience helplessness and burnout.

Co-creation initiatives in health care have potential to support health equity but require a redistribution of power and a common vision in order to succeed.

A physician has an obligation to order necessary diagnostic tests for a patient on Medicaid with whom he or she has an established patient-physician relationship regardless of whether the cost of the necessary test will be reimbursed.

Two bioethicists argue that prenatal disability screening promotes negativity toward the disabled and gives parents the ability to selectively form families.

A philosophy professor argues that prenatal genetic testing allows potentially painful afflictions to be discovered prior to birth and does not unjustly discriminate against disabled people.

Pregnant women at high risk for heritable diseases need support and nondirective genetic counseling.

Drug-using pregnant women have historically been subject to surveillance that criminalizes addiction, impedes care, and increases health risks.