The Nuremberg Code, the World Medical Association’s declarations of Geneva and Helsinki, and the Belmont Report share an origin in the Holocaust.

Immorally acquired information, from Nazi experimentation or other sources, infects the body of scientific and biomedical knowledge.

The Holocaust differs from other instances of mass murder in that it was medically sanctioned genocide.

Guidance from the Code addresses legitimacy and trustworthiness of information from unethical experimentation.

Designation of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities as a medically underserved population would not solve problems of access to care.

Clinicians must avoid violating professional ethical principles and patients’ legal rights and they may not ever discriminate. So, what does that mean in practice?

Physicians must resist judging the quality of life of their patients with Down syndrome and learn to listen and see them as individual personalities.

To make good communication choices for their children who are deaf or hard of hearing, hearing parents must develop their understanding of hearing loss.

Defining typical appearance as a goal of health service provision is harmful and unnecessary for traits that are stigmatized but neither harmful nor distressing.

If the safe-and-effective standard for judging devices’ potential as therapy or enhancement is inadequate, one might wonder whether BCI regulation should be overseen by the FDA.