Loss of personal integrity, the emotional and psychological costs of “pronoun switching,” and actively managing one’s presentation can be time-consuming and exhausting.

Physicians who volunteer typically need to obtain their own insurance to cover volunteer activities that fall outside federal or state immunity or protection.

With good planning and good will, medical professionals’ right of conscience and patients’ rights to controversial services can be both protected and accommodated.

Professional obligation should override personal values when it comes to providing legal medical services.

Supporters of reproductive choice believe that women receive inadequate information about prenatal testing—often after some testing has already been done.

Physicians must consider clinical and ethical questions with patients who request in vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Clinical and psychosocial considerations influence how oncologists approach discussing sperm banking with adolescent patients who are about to undergo chemotherapy and with the parents of those patients.

The practice of banking sperm from adolescents about to undergo chemotherapy is not universal, which lends support to the argument that parental consent be required for the intervention.

Reasons for the shortage of primary care physicians in regions designated as Health Professional Shortage Areas and steps that medical schools and state and federal policymakers can take to alleviate the shortage.

According to documented studies, patients who have good relationships with their physicians are less likely to file complaints in the event of an adverse medical outcome.