Medical Education

Mar 2014

Feminist Learning Strategies in Health Professions Education

Nancy J. Michela, DA, MS, RN
Virtual Mentor. 2014;16(3):192-195. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2014.16.3.medu4-1403.

 

Traditional education serves as a “reproduction of existing societal power relationships and structures, through both its methods and content” [1]. Power struggles in the classroom between students and faculty control play a role in reducing student motivation and overall learning [2]. Paolo Freire’s classic text, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, encourages the liberation of oppressed groups through empowering, mutual models of education [3]. This approach is one of the major influences in feminist pedagogy, which seeks to empower women and thus, historically, nurses [4].

Empowerment is critical to the nurse’s ability to create change in health care and society at large [2]. Feminist pedagogy can help bring this about. Although limited, a study by nurse researchers found that use of feminist pedagogical techniques was likely to increase student empowerment in the classroom as well as in personal and workplace environments [4]. Welch supports the inclusion of feminist pedagogy in nursing education because it makes classrooms more democratic and helps students deal with patriarchal physicians, and I think this is applicable in all health professions education [5]. Furthermore, implementing these feminist learning strategies will get health professions students ready for the collaborative, interprofessional “real world.”

Feminist pedagogy that is grounded in ideals of gender equity, societal value based upon individual capacity, and caring promotes “development of an atmosphere of mutual respect, trust, and community in the classroom; shared leadership; cooperative structures; integration of cognitive and affective learning; and action” [6]. Feminist pedagogies can “change the classroom into a more egalitarian structure allowing students and teachers to share information and points of view in an open setting” [7]. Nursing faculty I surveyed identified many feminist learning strategies being used in the nursing classroom, including: case studies/scenarios, small-group sessions, journaling, cooperative learning, collaborative group process, consensus building, shared governance, and social activism [8].

Case studies and scenarios have long been a means of examining issues in nursing. Such strategies give students opportunities for active involvement in the learning process, thus promoting increased cognitive and affective thinking skills [9]. Case studies are especially effective in teaching broad concepts, such as pain or nursing care of a specific disease. Herman [10] found that the case study can be divided into segments, and, throughout a sequence of events, students can recall cases to reinforce their decision-making processes or application of the content.

Journaling about class content or clinical events has been integral to cultivating a student’s voice and establishing a personalized and constructed knowing. Students employ writing opportunities to “detail dimensions of doing nursing and of being a nurse” [11]. Kok and Chabell found that journal writing in clinical nursing education promoted critical thinking and problem solving skills through reflection. Well-developed journal guidelines resulted in positive student perceptions of this strategy [12].

Cooperative learning eliminates hierarchy in the classroom or clinical setting; Beck found this creates a sense of community for students and educators [7]. Student pairs can gain insight from one another and learn to work together as a team. This strategy, called “think pair share” by Herman, can be useful in creating personal connections to classmates and the material in large classes [13].

Small-group sessions can be used in larger classes to increase discussion and engagement. Ruffing-Rahal observed that these sessions “strengthened consensus regarding core professional values and identities” [11]. Students found the strategy facilitated their ability to communicate within groups and develop a sense of accountability and responsibility to the group’s members [14].

Collaborative group process and shared governance let the students learn independence from their instructors and mutuality with their classmates. Students share responsibility for classroom discussions and sequencing of content [15]. Collaboration is a core element of interprofessional core competencies, such as “deliberatively working together” [16].

Social activism forges the connection between the classroom and the larger society to motivate students to create change. Any opportunity to promote nursing action grounded by everyday reality is the goal. Students working a farmers’ market or health fair are examples of this strategy used outside the traditional clinical setting [8]. In one study [17], second- and third-year nursing students developed and implemented a health promotion program based upon a community needs assessment. Outcome data showed students perceived they had increased skills in health promotion, clinical assessment, civic engagement, and research.

Faculty I surveyed reported that most of these strategies met with student satisfaction expressed in qualitative anecdotal appraisals and course evaluations [8].

Nursing educators must continue to develop and implement curricula that help students learn approaches to developing good communication and critical thinking and to fostering appropriate professional behavior toward peers, colleagues, and patients [18]. Feminist learning strategies can fill that need for nursing and other health care professions curricula.

References

  1. Falk-Rafael A, Chinn P, Anderson M, Laschinger H, Rubotzky A. The effectiveness of feminist pedagogy in empowering a community of learners. J Nurs Educ. 2004;43(3):107-115.
  2. Allen S. The revolution of nursing pedagogy: a transformational process. Teach Learn Nurs. 2010;5(1):33-38.
  3. Friere P. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum; 1973.

  4. Falk-Rafael A, Chinn P, Anderson M, Laschinger H, Rubotzky A. The effectiveness of feminist pedagogy in empowering a community of learners. J Nurs Educ. 2004;43(3):107-115.
  5. Welch S. Nursing caps to feminist pedagogy: transformation of nursing education. Teach Learn Nurs. 2011;6(3):102-108.
  6. Hezekiah J. Feminist pedagogy: a framework for nursing education? J Nurs Educ. 1993;32(2):54-55.

  7. Beck S. Cooperative learning and feminist pedagogy--a model for classroom instruction in nursing education. J Nurs Educ. 1995;34(5):222-227.
  8. Michela N. Feminism and Nursing Education: Pedagogy, Content and Influences in Baccalaureate Nursing Programs [dissertation]. Albany, NY: The University at Albany. 2006.

  9. Crowley M. Feminist pedagogy: nurturing the ideal. In: Neil R, Watts R, eds. Caring and Nursing: Explorations in Feminist Perspectives. New York, NY: National League for Nursing; 1991:89-199.

  10. Herman JW. Keeping their attention: innovative strategies for nursing education. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2011;42(10):449-456.
  11. Ruffing-Rahal MA. Incorporating feminism into the graduate curriculum. J Nurs Educ. 1992;31(6):247-252.
  12. Kok J, Chabeli MM. Reflective journal writing: how it promotes reflective thinking in clinical nursing education: a students’ perspective. Curationis. 2002;25(3):35-42.
  13. Herman, 452.

  14. Pastirik PJ. Using problem-based learning in large classrooms. Nurs Educ Prac. 2006;6(5):261-267.
  15. Chinn P. Peace and Power: Building Communities for the Future. 5th ed. New York, NY: Jones & Barlett; 2001.

  16. Interprofessional Education Collaborative Expert Panel. Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice: report of an expert panel. Washington, DC: Interprofessional Education Collaborative; 2011.

  17. Reising DL, Shea RA, Allen PH, Laux MM, Hensel D, Watts PA. Using service-learning to develop health promotion and research skills in nursing students. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2008;5(1):1-15.
  18. Atmiller G. Student perceptions of incivility in nursing education: implications for educators. Nurs Educ Perspec. 2012;33(1):15-20.

Citation

Virtual Mentor. 2014;16(3):192-195.

DOI

10.1001/virtualmentor.2014.16.3.medu4-1403.

The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA.