Neurobiological markers raise complex questions about what it means to be “at risk.”

Although patients’ medical gender transition can be facilitated by counseling, as a matter of medical ethics, informed consent must be obtained for treatment.

Introduction to the November 2016 issue on transgender health and medicine.

Feminism plays critical roles in innovating health care policies and practices. Feminist insights into clinicians as gatekeepers to gender-transition interventions can help resist tendencies to pathologize transgender.

Research should be conducted on transgender populations to inform evidence-based guidelines for gender-affirming treatment.

“Born that way” arguments have been used to establish transgender rights, but lack scientific evidence. Stronger support for promoting transgender rights comes instead from human rights-based language.

In referring transgender patients for medical transition, clinicians should be guided by harm reduction, respect for autonomy, and continuity of care.

Transgender people planning a medical transition face decisions about family planning, fertility preservation, and how to access gender-affirming treatment.

One transgender patient draws upon his transition experiences to suggest strategies for health care professionals looking to be more responsive to transgender patients’ needs.

Physicians should extend gender-affirming treatment to gender-nonconforming people, who experience discrimination and health disparities.