Physicians should look for specific clinical evidence when examining a patient suspected of anabolic steroid use.

The only studies in which hGH was shown to have a positive effect on athletic performance were in anabolic steroid users, so testing for hGH alone may not be accomplishing the intended goal.

Although parents may someday have the ability to enhance the complex physical and mental traits of their offspring, such genetic enhancements raise a number of difficult ethical questions.

When patients and physicians disagree on the use of genetic engineering technology, physicians must act in accordance with professional ethics and society's guidelines.

Even research that uses ideal datasets might not generate high-quality evidence.

Despite concerns about clinical outcomes for patients with obesity, clinical trials report few data about such patients.

Neurobiological markers raise complex questions about what it means to be “at risk.”