When a child or family begins to stand out because of patterns in history or physical findings, physicians must determine whether to take a closer look at the situation.

Guidelines for physicians who have a duty to report their suspicions of child abuse.

The way that we choose how to frame the conversation with parents about halting or continuing such therapy for their children who will not recover has special importance in medicine and in society.

Specific advocate guidelines are needed for the protection of children in state custody who are potential research subjects in trials that would expose them to greater-than-minimal risk but also hold the prospect of direct benefit.

Physicians should provide women considering abortion after Down syndrome screening with unbiased information and not attempt to influence their decision.

The informed consent model for gender-affirming medical treatment emphasizes patient autonomy in choosing care without involving mental health professionals.

Protecting patients rather than informed consent should be the goal when the complexity of information overwhelms patients’ decision-making capacity.

Strategies for preventing and detecting mistreatment of the elderly through neglect or abuse are offered.

Treatment of pregnant women with psychosis may involve reconciling conflicting ethical obligations.

Although patients’ medical gender transition can be facilitated by counseling, as a matter of medical ethics, informed consent must be obtained for treatment.