Ethical stakes include a psychiatrist’s care management responsibilities and burdens borne by family members over the course of the patient’s care.

The informed consent model for gender-affirming medical treatment emphasizes patient autonomy in choosing care without involving mental health professionals.

In referring transgender patients for medical transition, clinicians should be guided by harm reduction, respect for autonomy, and continuity of care.

Treatment of pregnant women with psychosis may involve reconciling conflicting ethical obligations.

Although patients’ medical gender transition can be facilitated by counseling, as a matter of medical ethics, informed consent must be obtained for treatment.

Covert medication administration might be as forceful as physical or chemical restraint for patients lacking insight.

對於缺乏洞察力的患者來說，秘密用藥可能與物理或化學約束一樣強烈

La administración encubierta de medicamentos podría ser tan contundente como la restricción física o química para los pacientes que carecen de conocimiento.

In referring transgender patients for medical transition, clinicians should be guided by harm reduction, respect for autonomy, and continuity of care.

The Bioethics Commission’s recommendations to include research participants with impaired consent capacity provide an ethical foundation for neuroscience.