When a patient is incompetent and unrepresented, alternative strategies must be implemented to document and try to rectify an error.

Legal inconsistencies and variation in end-of-life options generate disparities in care for unrepresented patients.

A deliberative approach to responding to needs and vulnerabilities of unrepresented patients can help make the most of having too little information.

Ethical and practical problems with preference modeling can undermine how reliably predictors can be used in high-stakes decisions.

A “simplicity strategy” suggests expressing respect for persons and empathy and models inclusive group inquiry, epistemic humility, and justice.

Affect labeling during painful bias incidents helps caregivers identify their duties to patients while enabling their own healing.

Patient-physician concordance is a matter of degree. In certain circumstances, greater concordance can motivate important goals of medicine.

When patients express overt racism, caregivers need to feel safe and supported. The scope of organizations’ responsibilities to make that happen needs to be clearly defined.

Case analysis illuminates strategies clinicians can use to reconcile competing duties to patients on ECMO.

When evaluating a 10-year-old with leukemia and chemo-induced heart failure for VAD placement, a team considers what to do.