Community-based participatory research ensures that community protections, risks, and benefits are considered during ethical reviews of research protocols.

Physicians new to a case might object to an established care plan. Practice variation, clinical momentum, and how value is assigned by different parties to acute care and comfort measures can each contribute to conflict in these cases.

Physicians must express compassion when discussing risk and success rates of palliative surgery.

Physicians need to help surrogate decision makers to make treatment and end-of-life decisions for those with severe neurological damage by proving a realistic prognosis and maintain strong lines of communication.

Undue influence, which occurs when prospective research participants who otherwise would not enroll are induced to enter studies that might pose significant risks, may also involve social injustices such as unequal payment and participant selection methods that unequally distribute the potential harms and benefits of research.

Moral distress can be reduced by approaching the patient-physician relationship with empathy and humility, which foster trust and good communication.

Opportunities to advance scientific knowledge may arise during humanitarian crises, but their presence does not justify suspension of the ethical foundations governing human subjects research.

An exploration of what could have been done to help the immigrant family of a severely ill child with his care.

Nonhuman animals used in biomedical research frequently suffer and are harmed as part of their use as experimental models.

For some patients whose survival is extended by disease-modifying interventions, little guidance about clinical and ethical complexities exist.