A look at Pamela Bjorkland’s critique of the use of psychoactive drugs to improve mood, a practice known as cosmetic psychopharmacology.

A neuroscientist and a sociologist discuss the ethical concerns with common neurological medicines that are used to enhance or change behavior.

Distinctions between treatment and enhancement, and between supposedly authentic and inauthentic tools, often inform judgments about what is morally acceptable in sport.

Priorities far beyond generating morbidity or mortality data are needed to improve patients’ experiences, innovate metrics, and advance surgical palliation as a field.

Body mass index cutoffs are routinely used to assess eligibility for gender-affirming surgeries, yet they are not empirically based.