When patient autonomy became a closely held value in medical ethics in the 1960s and '70s, the physician’s conscience-based right to refuse to deliver a given service began to be contested.

Testimonial injustice is an expression of racism that uses identity to undermine individuals’ credibility as authoritative “knowers” of their own bodies, selves, and experiences.

Intergenerational trauma has deep roots, which require clinicians to understand historical and cultural context when working with vulnerable children.

Structural determinants of health frameworks must be person centered and express antiracism to be effective.

Critical race theory tools of evaluating stock characters and counter stories can help clinicians and researchers illuminate experiences of those at the margins.

Violence perpetrated against unarmed patients is common in health care, and evidence-based safety measures are needed to acknowledge and eradicate clinical violence.

Medicine has always maintained social, political, and economic structures that have exacerbated Black and Brown persons’ lived embodiment of racism.

Deficit-focused interventions undermine appreciation of the value students and physicians with minoritized identities bring to medicine’s capacity to motivate equity.

Focus on diversity is critical, yet most US schools have failed to achieve racial-ethnic or economic diversity representative of the general US population.

Mission statements offer limited benefit when patients do not have meaningful choices about where to seek care and can be misused.