Physicians can manage and treat probable victims of gang violence without breaching the youth’s confidentiality.

When adolescents seek emergency contraception in the emergency room, social judgment on the part of clinicians can hamper treatment.

When a severely ill child comes into the emergency room, assent for emergency care is no more required than is parental permission. Conveying the needed care is the top priority.

Doctors should do everything they can to protect an adolescent's confidentiality, but lying to the patient's parents is not acceptable.

Force is codified in law, so force utilization inequity demands that we consider connections between systemic oppression and individuals’ responses in clinical settings.