Systematic deviation from truth can arise during data collection, methodological application, and outcomes analysis.

Even research that uses ideal datasets might not generate high-quality evidence.

EHRs have revolutionized the scale, speed, and granularity at which health data can be collated and summarized for epidemiologic purposes. 

Modern epidemiological science developed as domestic and international infectious disease transmission accompanied industrialization and colonial military expansion.

High-resolution geographic information system tools map all general dentistry and periodontal practice locations as key sources of health inequity.

Defining typical appearance as a goal of health service provision is harmful and unnecessary for traits that are stigmatized but neither harmful nor distressing.

Despite concerns about clinical outcomes for patients with obesity, clinical trials report few data about such patients.

Research is needed to determine the direction of causality between loneliness and internet use.

Research that places subjects and investigators at risk of additional harm must be considered carefully.

يجب النظر بعناية في الأبحاث التي تعرض الأشخاص والمحققين لخطر حدوث ضرر إضافي.