Some question whether plastic surgeons bear responsibility for promoting suspect norms of beauty, given that certain types of cosmetic enhancements reinforce common conceptions of normality that are harmful to society.

The use of advertisements for cosmetic surgery has fluctuated throughout the twentieth century.

Role-modeling can shape and reinforce the personal qualities of exemplary plastic surgeons in trainees.

The rapidly evolving field of neuroethics is concerned with the ethical questions that new technologies will pose about autonomy, privacy, the definition of normal, and individuality.

If the safe-and-effective standard for judging devices’ potential as therapy or enhancement is inadequate, one might wonder whether BCI regulation should be overseen by the FDA.

Tension between realistic goals and unrealistic views about how to achieve them is compounded when patients are eager to revise a prior surgeon’s gender-affirming procedure.

Body mass index cutoffs are routinely used to assess eligibility for gender-affirming surgeries, yet they are not empirically based.

Neurobiological markers raise complex questions about what it means to be “at risk.”

Neuromodulation has ethical implications for self-identity and public communication of scientific findings.