Physicians are accountable to patients for physical and psychological harm caused by intersex surgery, cosmetic vaginal surgery, or circumcision.

Refusal of pediatric euthanasia can be considered iatrogenic insofar as it inadvertently prolongs patient suffering, but attitudes differ cross-culturally.

Adolescents with gender dysphoria should be active participants in decisions about their gender-related health care.

Therapeutic clowning can reduce pediatric patients’ pain and distress during the preoperative period, but clown doctors must follow codes of ethics.

Introduction to the August 2017 issue on iatrogenesis in pediatrics.

Trauma-informed care ensures ethical treatment for children experiencing physical or psychological distress associated with a medical event or procedure.

Nontherapeutic infant male circumcision is not medically or ethically justifiable and should be deferred until the person is able to decide for himself.

Pregnant women at high risk for heritable diseases need support and nondirective genetic counseling.

Long-term care facilities should assess residents for capacity to consent to sexual activity and be prepared to accommodate sexual intimacy.

The AMA Code of Medical Ethics' opinions related to decision-making capacity and competence and surrogate decision making.