Variations among physicians in diagnosis and X-ray interpretation, the percentages of which have remained essentially unchanged for five decades, raise serious ethical concerns.

A look at Pamela Bjorkland’s critique of the use of psychoactive drugs to improve mood, a practice known as cosmetic psychopharmacology.

A neuroscientist and a sociologist discuss the ethical concerns with common neurological medicines that are used to enhance or change behavior.

Distinctions between treatment and enhancement, and between supposedly authentic and inauthentic tools, often inform judgments about what is morally acceptable in sport.

The early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease is a boon in that it enables advance planning, but that planning process can engender conflict between respect for future-oriented autonomy and future welfare.

Body mass index cutoffs are routinely used to assess eligibility for gender-affirming surgeries, yet they are not empirically based.