African cancer research is embedded in underresourced health care infrastructures, illuminating ethical questions about benefit sharing and governance.

Immorally acquired information, from Nazi experimentation or other sources, infects the body of scientific and biomedical knowledge.

The Holocaust differs from other instances of mass murder in that it was medically sanctioned genocide.

The Nuremberg Code, the World Medical Association’s declarations of Geneva and Helsinki, and the Belmont Report share an origin in the Holocaust.

Defining typical appearance as a goal of health service provision is harmful and unnecessary for traits that are stigmatized but neither harmful nor distressing.

Researchers and scholars should co-develop research with Indigenous peoples to ensure respect for culture, language, and ways of knowing.

Guidance from the Code addresses legitimacy and trustworthiness of information from unethical experimentation.

Individualistic approaches to the collective problem of climate change are ethically inadequate. 

The AMA Code of Medical Ethics opinions related to international health and research.

Surgical research involving patients who are incarcerated is fraught with ethical, logistical, and practical questions.