When a child or family begins to stand out because of patterns in history or physical findings, physicians must determine whether to take a closer look at the situation.

Guidelines for physicians who have a duty to report their suspicions of child abuse.

Specific advocate guidelines are needed for the protection of children in state custody who are potential research subjects in trials that would expose them to greater-than-minimal risk but also hold the prospect of direct benefit.

Strategies for preventing and detecting mistreatment of the elderly through neglect or abuse are offered.

Physicians have an obligation to report parents to the local Child Protective Services if they suspect that the parents are using corporal punishment as a form of discipline.

Physicians have an obligation to report parents to the local Child Protective Services if they suspect that the parents are using corporal punishment as a form of discipline.

The way in which the results of community-based participatory research are presented is extremely important, both for reasons of justice and cultural sensitivity and to ensure that they not unnecessarily badly received.